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Scuba Forum / General / October 2003

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Naui: 200ft limit at 5 minutes?

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J McCoy - 17 Oct 2003 23:43 GMT
Are there any professional divers who are old enough to remember old
Naui standards?  In particular, did Naui charts at one time in the
near past  state that 200ft at 5 minutes was accepted, being that
without additives to the air tanks?  Please tell me what your
qualifications are, thanks.

John McCoy
James Connell - 18 Oct 2003 02:03 GMT
> Are there any professional divers who are old enough to remember old
> Naui standards?  In particular, did Naui charts at one time in the
[quoted text clipped - 3 lines]
>
> John McCoy

i can't remember NUAI tables that went that daep - but the Nave tables
allowed it ( if i remember right ). a dive to 200ft for 5 min and useing
the then 60ft/min ascent rate brought you out well under the NDL, even
useing todays more rigid Mvalues and 30ft/min you're still "safe" - as
far as deco is concerned, but pushing it!! only the 2 fastest
compartments are above 90%.

40 years diving - DM.
Rich Lockyer - 18 Oct 2003 04:50 GMT
>the then 60ft/min ascent rate brought you out well under the NDL, even
>useing todays more rigid Mvalues and 30ft/min you're still "safe" - as
>far as deco is concerned, but pushing it!! only the 2 fastest
>compartments are above 90%.

Vyper simulator running a 30 second descent to 200 has you obligated
for 11 minutes at 10ft at 5:30... it's cleared to 9 minutes by the
time you reach 10ft running a 50fpm ascent rate.

Slowing to 30fpm still leaves 6 minutes by the time you reach 20ft,
and at that point the fastest compartment is down below 90, but the
next two compartments are at 113 and 108.

VPlanner wants nearly 10 minutes from 40ft to the surface, even when
configured in it's most liberal settings.

 --- Rich
 http://richlockyer.tripod.com/
James Connell - 18 Oct 2003 05:24 GMT
>>the then 60ft/min ascent rate brought you out well under the NDL, even
>>useing todays more rigid Mvalues and 30ft/min you're still "safe" - as
[quoted text clipped - 14 lines]
>   --- Rich
>   http://richlockyer.tripod.com/

just shows how "liberal" those settings really are -

ZH-L16B ascent @ 60ft/m = fastest compartment @99% of M, next fastest @
96%, then 88%, all others well under 80%.
ZH-L16C ascent @ 30ft/m fastest = 95%, next 100%!! 3rd - 95%, 4th 89%
rest < 80%.

don't have a RGBM model running yet.

one of the reasons nobody in their right minds dive the old navy tables
any more.

and remeber - to me computer are NEW and recent things.
Rich Lockyer - 18 Oct 2003 06:52 GMT
>just shows how "liberal" those settings really are -
>
>ZH-L16B ascent @ 60ft/m = fastest compartment @99% of M, next fastest @
>96%, then 88%, all others well under 80%.
>ZH-L16C ascent @ 30ft/m fastest = 95%, next 100%!! 3rd - 95%, 4th 89%
>rest < 80%.

Very interesting, given that I've heard rumors of V-Planner being a
bit too liberal in "nominal" mode.

>don't have a RGBM model running yet.

THAT would prove very interesting....  The Suunto is a modified RGBM,
but I think we can all agree that a recreational computer's output is
totally invalid once you violate NDL.
Modified RGBM... ya... modified so that even if you tox, you won't get
bent.

>one of the reasons nobody in their right minds dive the old navy tables
>any more.

I wouldn't dive them sinply because they are too restrictive on
repetitive dives.

>and remeber - to me computer are NEW and recent things.

LOL!

 --- Rich
 http://richlockyer.tripod.com/
Grumman-581 - 18 Oct 2003 06:03 GMT
> In particular, did Naui charts at one time in the
> near past  state that 200ft at 5 minutes was
> accepted, being that without additives to the
> air tanks?

The old Navy tables that I remember from around 1980 gave a 5 minute time
for 190 ft... I think the ascent rate was assumed to be 60 fpm back then on
the Navy tables... I suspect that we ascended faster than 60 fpm though...
The concept of a safety stop didn't seem to exist either...
Reef Fish - 18 Oct 2003 06:32 GMT
> Are there any professional divers who are old enough to remember old
> Naui standards?  

I am not a professional diver and I am don't know a damn thing
about old Naui standards, but I am "old enough" ... 1 out of
3, is that good enough?  :-)

> In particular, did Naui charts at one time in the
> near past  state that 200ft at 5 minutes was accepted, being that
> without additives to the air tanks?  

I dunno and I duncare what Naui charts at one time in the near past
stated.

But I DO know that a 5-minute bounce (that's all it is) on air
is not gonna put any dent (or bent) on anyone, especially on
an slow ascent with a safety stop.

A computer dive to 200 ft max (well actually 199 ft) on
the latest version of the ORCA air-dive-computer algorithm is
a no-deco air dive if you spend the rest of a 20, 30, 40, 50,
or 60 or more minutes (subject to your air consumption on a
80 AL tank) of a regular 1-tank dive on a typical boat dive in
Cozumel at 80 or 90 fsw max, or any liveaboard dive (back to
boat with minimum 500 psi) if you take away the max depth xxx ft
constraint).

The ORCA goes "out of range" at 200 feet -- which is the only
reason I mention 199 ft.  Done MANY no-deco dives on the
ORCA air computer below 200 ft too, but that's another story.

People quit using the cliche "there are bold divers and old divers
but no bold and old divers" on me.  :-)  

I am a SELF-RELIANT, and SELF-RESPONSIBLE, old diver.  That's it.

What was your question, again?  :-)

Oh, I remember now, "without additives to a tank".   Do you mean
STP or other high-detergent additives in the tank of gas used by
the boat?  :-)))  I wouldn't know.  YOu would have to ask the
boat captain.

BTW, I once forgot to reset my Uwatec Nitrox dive computer from
EAN 32 to air (EAN21), and did a dive to 196 fsw (I always
carry an ORCA air computer on all my dives), and even that
terribly conservative Buelmann Algorithm of the UWATEC didn't
complain about that dive, and kept on ticking in the no-deco
air dive.

Sorry, that's all I can tell ya.  No Naui, no additives, no
DIR, no GUE, and no other alphabet soup either.  Just plain,
sensible (having read plenty of books of diving physiology,
dive computer algorithms, and diving physics though) diving.

> Please tell me what your
> qualifications are, thanks.
>
> John McCoy

I am a living diver of many deep-air dives.  Never been bent either.  
That's my relevant qualifications.

I walked to the Cozumel
chamber once for diagnosis after experiencing some subclinical
bends symptoms after diving 20 consecutive days to max below
195 fsw on air "without additives" :-)  and was sent out by the
chamber physician without even any chamber ride for diagnosis.
Story told in rec.scuba on a dive computer related thread.
Use the archives to read the details.  Don't have the time to
point to the exact post.  Gotta get a good sleep before embarking
on a long diving related trip.  :-))

Flame away, for those who don't know better.  :)

HYDRATION and plenty of REST ... as COnfucius always say on diving.

-- Bob.
H. Huntzinger - 18 Oct 2003 13:22 GMT
> Are there any professional divers who are old enough to remember old
> Naui standards?  In particular, did Naui charts at one time in the
> near past  state that 200ft at 5 minutes was accepted, being that
> without additives to the air tanks?

The NOAA Diving Manual (1977), lists the USN Table for 200fsw as:

5 min ... 1 min @ 10fsw                    Total ascent time  4:20
10 min ... 1 min @ 20fsw + 4 min @ 10fsw.   Total ascent time  8:20

John Lipppmann's Deeper Into Diving (1990), lists the same values.  
There are no times shorter than 5 minutes listed that would allow a
complete direct ascent.

For reference, the 1983 DCIEM Table calls for 4 min @ 10ft for a 5 min
bounce to 200fsw.  Several other tables cap out at 54m for air and thus
do not even reach 200ft to be applicable.

My recollections are that the early NAUI tables were just relabelled USN
Tables (it was only later that they started to slip groups to make the
no-stop times more conservative).  As such, I'd have to say that a 5
minute 200fsw bounce has to have required at least the 1 minute stop
since at least 1977.

-hh
Lee Bell - 18 Oct 2003 14:16 GMT
> The NOAA Diving Manual (1977), lists the USN Table for 200fsw as:
>  5 min ... 1 min @ 10fsw                    Total ascent time  4:20

> There are no times shorter than 5 minutes listed that would allow a
> complete direct ascent.

Did you write this the way you meant to?  Are you saying that a three minute
descent and an immediate ascent would require a 1 minute stop?  Damn, there
are times when I wish I knew where my original tables were.  This is one of
them.

> My recollections are that the early NAUI tables were just relabelled USN
> Tables (it was only later that they started to slip groups to make the
> no-stop times more conservative).  As such, I'd have to say that a 5
> minute 200fsw bounce has to have required at least the 1 minute stop
> since at least 1977.

Since the original question was "In particular, did Naui charts at one time
in the near past  state that 200ft at 5 minutes was accepted, being that
without additives to the air tanks?" I suspect your answer is correct.  If,
however, the question had been whether NAUI ever said you could do a 5
minute dive to 200 feet without a stop, the answer may be different.  I
would think that the correct ascent would clear a diver before they reached
the 10 foot stop.

While it does not fit my personal choice to be conservative, my Oceanic
computer is quite happy with a descent rate of 60 feet per minute to 200
feet and an ascent that begins after a run time of 5 minutes (surface to
beginning of ascent) at 60 feet per minute (which is what NAUI used to
recommend) straight to the surface.  It never shows a deco obligation during
the dive, but it's right on the edge from minute 5 to the surface.

Lee
Dan Bracuk - 18 Oct 2003 15:42 GMT
"Lee Bell" <leebell@ix.remove.netcom.com> entertained us with:
:Did you write this the way you meant to?  Are you saying that a three minute
:descent and an immediate ascent would require a 1 minute stop?  Damn, there
:are times when I wish I knew where my original tables were.  This is one of
:them.

My guess is that he did.  This was a table, remember, not a computer.

Dan Bracuk
As Big Ben said to the Leaning Tower of Pisa, I've got the time if you've got the inclination.
The Best of Rec.Scuba
http://www.pathcom.com/~bracuk/RecScuba/
J McCoy - 18 Oct 2003 22:10 GMT
> > The NOAA Diving Manual (1977), lists the USN Table for 200fsw as:
> >  5 min ... 1 min @ 10fsw                    Total ascent time  4:20
[quoted text clipped - 29 lines]
>
> Lee

I guess I need to clarify some things.  

When I asked if Naui allowed for 200ft at 5 minutes,  I meant
allowance to stay at 200ft for 5 minutes, and this had nothing to do
with ascent or descent time.

Thanks for all your help.

John McCoy
Dan Bracuk - 18 Oct 2003 22:39 GMT
mccoy@sunset.net (J McCoy) entertained us with:
:I guess I need to clarify some things.  
:
:When I asked if Naui allowed for 200ft at 5 minutes,  I meant
:allowance to stay at 200ft for 5 minutes, and this had nothing to do
:with ascent or descent time.

As far as I know, the descent time has always been included in the bottom time
on dive tables.

Dan Bracuk
As Big Ben said to the Leaning Tower of Pisa, I've got the time if you've got the inclination.
The Best of Rec.Scuba
http://www.pathcom.com/~bracuk/RecScuba/
Lee Bell - 19 Oct 2003 01:36 GMT
> > > The NOAA Diving Manual (1977), lists the USN Table for 200fsw as:
> > >  5 min ... 1 min @ 10fsw                    Total ascent time  4:20
[quoted text clipped - 35 lines]
> allowance to stay at 200ft for 5 minutes, and this had nothing to do
> with ascent or descent time.

Then my recollection suggests the answer is definitely not.  To the best of
my recollection, I was taught to time the dive from the time I began my
descent to the time I began my ascent.  It was presumed that every dive was
a square profile and that my ascent was continuous once it began.  A 3
minute descent, plus 5 minutes at 200 feet would, I believe, require a stop
on any table and any computer I've ever seen.

Lee

Lee
bullshark - 18 Oct 2003 23:02 GMT
>> The NOAA Diving Manual (1977), lists the USN Table for 200fsw as:
>>  5 min ... 1 min @ 10fsw                    Total ascent time  4:20

"fsw" like "ata" or "psi" is a measure of absolute pressure.
Sorry to be picky H, but "10fsw" would be an altitude very nearly 30,000 feet.
Sea-level: 1 ata = 33 fsw. The stop is at 43 fsw or 10 fswg, or as the
USN manual says: "10 feet"

>> There are no times shorter than 5 minutes listed that would allow a
>> complete direct ascent.

>Did you write this the way you meant to?  Are you saying that a three minute
>descent and an immediate ascent would require a 1 minute stop?  Damn, there
>are times when I wish I knew where my original tables were.  This is one of
>them.

I have the USN tables in the USN Diving manual. I think you misread or
forgot Navy definitions, Lee.

USN "Bottom Time" begins on first submersion, and ends when ascent begins.
The 4:20 *ascent* time is 200/60 = 3:20 + 1 @ 10 feet.
Total dive time is 9:20.

A noteworthy point, is that assuming a 50 fpm *descent* speed, only one
minute would be available at 200 feet before beginning the ascent. Even
a 100 fpm descent speed would only allow 3 minutes at 200 feet.

safe diving,

bullshark
Lee Bell - 19 Oct 2003 01:44 GMT
> >> The NOAA Diving Manual (1977), lists the USN Table for 200fsw as:
> >>  5 min ... 1 min @ 10fsw                    Total ascent time  4:20
[quoted text clipped - 14 lines]
> I have the USN tables in the USN Diving manual. I think you misread or
> forgot Navy definitions, Lee.

I think you misunderstood my comment.  I was referring to the statement that
there are no times shorter than 5 minutes listed that would allow a complete
direct ascent.  My example is a dive of less than 5 minutes which I believe
does just that.  Of course, it's possible that neither of us has Hugh's
meaning quite right.

> USN "Bottom Time" begins on first submersion, and ends when ascent begins.
> The 4:20 *ascent* time is 200/60 = 3:20 + 1 @ 10 feet.
> Total dive time is 9:20.

Close to my calculation.  It's only off by the minute of stop you added.  My
computer does not require one.  At a descent rate of 60 feet per minute, it
takes roughly 3 minutes and 20 seconds to get to 200 feet, hence my 3
minutes down and immediate ascent comment.  When I ran it on my computer, I
used the same descent and ascent rate, which were in use at the time covered
by the question, yielding a 3 minute and 20 second descent, 1 minute and 40
second stay and a 3 minute twenty second ascent, resulting in a total dive
time of 8 minutes and 20 seconds.

Lee
H. Huntzinger - 20 Oct 2003 22:09 GMT
> > >> The NOAA Diving Manual (1977), lists the USN Table for 200fsw as:
> > >>  5 min ... 1 min @ 10fsw                    Total ascent time  4:20
[quoted text clipped - 15 lines]
> does just that.  Of course, it's possible that neither of us has Hugh's
> meaning quite right.

My apologies...my statement was poorly worded.  I also had posting
problems this weekend that prevented an earlier clarifiation posting.

What I meant to say is that the USN Table has no provisions for bottom
times less than 5 minutes in duration.

What this means is that the Table's normal "Round Up" conservatism
rule applies, so any dive of <5 minutes duration is rounded up and
assumed to be a 5 minute duration dive for the application of the
Table.

Since the 5 minute line requires deco (1 minute), this would mean that
all dives to 200fsw will require deco per this Table, no matter how
short their duration may be.


> > USN "Bottom Time" begins on first submersion, and ends when ascent begins.
> > The 4:20 *ascent* time is 200/60 = 3:20 + 1 @ 10 feet.
[quoted text clipped - 4 lines]
> takes roughly 3 minutes and 20 seconds to get to 200 feet, hence my 3
> minutes down and immediate ascent comment.

The numbers work, but my recollection of the USN Table's rules is that
perscribed maximum descent rate is -90ft/min.  If I did recall this
correctly, it would mean that the descent time 0-200ft would be 2:13.

Regardless of what the number actualy is, all descent rates slower
than the maximum are acceptable, as they would be "inside" of the
assumed time/pressure envelope on which the Table has been based, and
thus more conservative.

For the return ascent, the USN Table's ascent rate is +60ft/min.
However, we are deep enough that we need to be aware of the fairly
obscure footnote that applies if we do not ascend properly at the
+60ft/min rate:  if the +60ft/min rate is not maintained, any
additional time spent deeper than 50fsw as a result of a slower ascent
rate gets added to the dive's bottom time.

The tricky part about this is that its not the ascent time from depth
to 50ft, but instead, the _difference_ in ascent time versus the
+60ft/min rate.

For example, from 200ft to 50ft should take 2:30 at 60ft/min, so if it
actually took 4:05 minutes to get to 50fsw, then (4:00 - 2:30) = 1:35
worth of additional bottom time was accumulated which has to be
accounted for.

Suffice to say, a dive computer is a lot less messy ;-)

-hh
Lee Bell - 21 Oct 2003 16:23 GMT
> My apologies...my statement was poorly worded.  I also had posting
> problems this weekend that prevented an earlier clarifiation posting.

> What I meant to say is that the USN Table has no provisions for bottom
> times less than 5 minutes in duration.

Apology accepted.  Thanks for clearing it up.
rnf2 - 19 Oct 2003 02:56 GMT
I play safe, being only a reletively newbie at SCUBA, when using the PADI
RDP i calculate bottom time as being from the time i submerge till the time
I break surface again.
I normally go by what my computer says tho, I have a Suunto Favor S Bought
new in march, and I never go closer than 10 mins to the no decomp limits.

Rhys

> USN "Bottom Time" begins on first submersion, and ends when ascent begins.
Lee Bell - 19 Oct 2003 04:48 GMT
> I play safe, being only a reletively newbie at SCUBA, when using the PADI
> RDP i calculate bottom time as being from the time i submerge till the time
> I break surface again.

Using total dive time for the previous dive is OK, but it doesn't work real
well for the current dive.  You can't figure a deco obligation on the basis
of time you have not yet spent underwater.

> I normally go by what my computer says tho, I have a Suunto Favor S Bought
> new in march, and I never go closer than 10 mins to the no decomp limits.

Then, with all due respect, you're out of your league in this discussion.
The depth and time under discussion is less than 10 minutes total.

Lee
Dan Bracuk - 19 Oct 2003 05:31 GMT
"rnf2" <rnf2@waikato.ac.nz> entertained us with:
:I play safe, being only a reletively newbie at SCUBA, when using the PADI
:RDP i calculate bottom time as being from the time i submerge till the time
:I break surface again.

What if your safety stop will put you over your allowed bottom time?  Would you
skip it?

Dan Bracuk
As Big Ben said to the Leaning Tower of Pisa, I've got the time if you've got the inclination.
The Best of Rec.Scuba
http://www.pathcom.com/~bracuk/RecScuba/
rnf2 - 19 Oct 2003 06:06 GMT
I time my dives. Including checking my estimated times, If I know I'm
planning an 18 Min dive when already in group D, thats RNT of 16, and 20 min
dive, total ABT of 36 min, within the 40 min A-NDL. So I just watch my times
and ascent and make sure I'm up at the safety stop at 15-16 mins into the
dive.

Sure, It's a shorter dive than if I left the stopped counting bottom time at
the moment I started moving up, but I'd rather be safe than bent.

rhys

> "rnf2" <rnf2@waikato.ac.nz> entertained us with:
> :I play safe, being only a reletively newbie at SCUBA, when using the PADI
[quoted text clipped - 12 lines]
> http://www.newsfeeds.com - The #1 Newsgroup Service in the World!
> -----==  Over 100,000 Newsgroups - 19 Different Servers! =-----
Lee Bell - 19 Oct 2003 06:48 GMT
> I time my dives. Including checking my estimated times, If I know I'm
> planning an 18 Min dive when already in group D, thats RNT of 16, and 20 min
> dive, total ABT of 36 min, within the 40 min A-NDL. So I just watch my times
> and ascent and make sure I'm up at the safety stop at 15-16 mins into the
> dive.

Earlier you commented on the fact that you depend on your computer, just as
many of the rest of us do.  Your RD calculations aren't consistent with that
statement.  Generally speaking, computers and tables don't mix well.
Computers calculate based on what you actual do.  Tables, at least most,
presume that you've done a square profile.  Better to pick one and stick
with it than try to switch back and forth.  If you're going to use your
computer, use it to estimate your die times as well and forget repetitive
dive groups.  The first time you do a series of repetitive dives, multi
level dives, you'll find that you've gone beyond what you can do with tables
anyway.

Your method of including the entire dive is a bit more conservative for
those using tables, but it's not my preferred way to be conservative.  I'd
much rather calculate everything the way the tables intended, start of dive
to beginning of ascent, and reduce the time I spend at depth to add a safety
margin.  In my opinion, it's a more informed method.

Lee
chilly - 19 Oct 2003 06:58 GMT
> > I time my dives. Including checking my estimated times, If I know I'm
> > planning an 18 Min dive when already in group D, thats RNT of 16, and 20
[quoted text clipped - 11 lines]
> with it than try to switch back and forth.  If you're going to use your
> computer, use it to estimate your die times

Yikes . . .one helluva typo.  :^)

(snip)
Scott - 19 Oct 2003 07:07 GMT
> Yikes . . .one helluva typo.  :^)

Cant slip nothin past you, eh?
chilly - 19 Oct 2003 07:24 GMT
> > Yikes . . .one helluva typo.  :^)
>
> Cant slip nothin past you, eh?

hunh?
Lee Bell - 19 Oct 2003 13:01 GMT
> > > I time my dives. Including checking my estimated times, If I know I'm
> > > planning an 18 Min dive when already in group D, thats RNT of 16, and 20
[quoted text clipped - 16 lines]
>
> Yikes . . .one helluva typo.  :^)

Wow.  Yes, it is.

Lee
Salty - 18 Oct 2003 18:53 GMT

> The NOAA Diving Manual (1977), lists the USN Table for 200fsw as:
>
[quoted text clipped - 14 lines]
> minute 200fsw bounce has to have required at least the 1 minute stop
> since at least 1977.

My recollections are that the early NAUI (and PADI tables) were not
relabeled at all. They were the USN tables. The book I used was
Jeppesen, third edition. In that book, the US Navy Standard Air
Decompression Table (Appendix 9), the US Navy No-Decompression Limits
and Repetitive Group Designation Table For No-Decompression Air Dives
(Appendix 4) as well as the tables written by S. Harold Reuter, MD,
copyrighted 1971; all state that no stops are required for a 5 minute
dive to 190 ft. They do not list dives past 190 ft. Perhaps it's also
interesting to note that the total ascent time listed for a 5 min dive
to 190 ft is 3:10. On this same table, if one stays at 190 ft for 10
mins, they are obligated to a 1 min stop at 20 ft and then a 3 min
stop at 10 ft with a total ascent time of 7:10.
Salty - 18 Oct 2003 17:49 GMT
> Are there any professional divers who are old enough to remember old
> Naui standards?  In particular, did Naui charts at one time in the
> near past  state that 200ft at 5 minutes was accepted, being that
> without additives to the air tanks?  Please tell me what your
> qualifications are, thanks.

Hi John. Although I hate to admit it, I'm old enough to remember the
standards to which you refer. However, there were no "NAUI charts"
back then. There were no PADI "charts" either. In fact, the agencies
back then did not even have their own teaching materials. Dive shops
had their students buy books / instruction manuals that were written
by 'experts in the field' at the time and the standard that was used
was the "US Navy Air Decompression Tables."
We were taught to dive without using a safety stop and our ascent rate
was to be no faster than 60 ft per minute. (Safety stops are now
recommended and the ascent rate being taught today is 30 ft per
minute.

To get specific with re: to your question about standards... yes, 200
ft for 5 mins on air was ok for a no-decompression limit dive. The
following are the actual times from that era :

60 ft = 60 mins
70 ft = 50 mins
80 ft = 40 mins
90 ft = 30 mins
100 ft = 25 mins
110 ft = 20 mins
120 ft = 15 mins
130 and 140 ft both = 10 mins
150 thru 190 ft were all = 5 mins

I'm not a 'professional diver'... I'm just someone who made my first
dive in 1978. My qualifications are PADI training, and more recently
NAUI.
mike gray, CID - 19 Oct 2003 00:01 GMT
> Are there any professional divers who are old enough to remember old
> Naui standards?  In particular, did Naui charts at one time in the
> near past  state that 200ft at 5 minutes was accepted, being that
> without additives to the air tanks?  Please tell me what your
> qualifications are, thanks.

Depends on what you mean by "allowed". Prolly the most aggressive tables
ever published were the 1907 Admiralty tables which allow, at 192-204
fsw, up to 12 minutes with a deco obligation of 3 minutes at 60', 3
minutes at 40', 7 minutes at 20', and 10 minutes at 10' Most of the
tables that go that deep are a bit more conservative, though not a lot.

Those of us who have done a bit of deep air (Oh, the horror! Oh, the
slap in Darwin's face that we survived!) ran schedules along those
lines, which works out well with a steel 72.
 
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